{"id":1659,"date":"2022-01-04T00:29:26","date_gmt":"2022-01-03T23:29:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lms.nanoproject.eu\/lms\/?post_type=unit&p=1659"},"modified":"2022-01-04T00:29:26","modified_gmt":"2022-01-03T23:29:26","slug":"nano-v-beznem-zivote_02-nanotechnologie-v-kuchyni-a-domacnosti","status":"publish","type":"unit","link":"https:\/\/lms.nanoproject.eu\/lms\/cs\/unit\/nano-v-beznem-zivote_02-nanotechnologie-v-kuchyni-a-domacnosti\/","title":{"rendered":"Nano v b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b_02: Nanotechnologie v kuchyni a dom\u00e1cnosti"},"content":{"rendered":"

V\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd lotosov\u00fd efekt se k\u00a0\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed povrch\u016f vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 nejen v\u00a0\u0159\u00ed\u0161i \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f a rostlin. I v\u00a0dom\u00e1cnosti toti\u017e naleznou \u0161irok\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed tzv. nano n\u00e1t\u011bry. Okna s\u00a0touto povrchovou \u00fapravou se p\u0159i de\u0161ti \u010dist\u00ed prakticky sama, zat\u00edmco b\u011b\u017en\u00e1 okna se nad\u00e1le \u0161pin\u00ed. Krom\u011b okenn\u00edch tabul\u00ed se nanotechnologick\u00fdmi produkty opat\u0159uje tak\u00e9 d\u0159evo a n\u00e1bytek. Do jejich povrchu se pak neza\u017e\u00edr\u00e1 \u0161p\u00edna, voda, olej a mastnota. Aktu\u00e1ln\u011b je velmi popul\u00e1rn\u00ed nano kosmetika pro p\u0159edm\u011bty denn\u00ed pot\u0159eby, kter\u00e1 vych\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00a0hydrofobn\u00edch n\u00e1t\u011br\u016f k\u00a0o\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed automobil\u016f. S\u00a0pomoc\u00ed nanotechnologi\u00ed byly vyvinuty tak\u00e9 speci\u00e1ln\u00ed t\u011bsnic\u00ed prost\u0159edky pro textilie odpuzuj\u00edc\u00ed \u0161p\u00ednu, olej a vodu.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
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Definice<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Hydrofobie<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pojem \u201ehydrofobn\u00ed\u201c poch\u00e1z\u00ed ze star\u00e9 \u0159e\u010dtiny a doslova znamen\u00e1 \u201evyh\u00fdbaj\u00edc\u00ed se vod\u011b\u201c. Podle definice znamen\u00e1 hydrofobie asociaci nepol\u00e1rn\u00edch molekul nebo skupin ve vodn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed v\u00a0d\u016fsledku tendence vody vylu\u010dovat nepol\u00e1rn\u00ed skupiny nebo molekuly. N\u00e1sledkem toho se ji\u017e nemohou s\u00a0vodou m\u00edsit a obvykle zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed tvorbu kr\u016fp\u011bj\u00ed vody na povrchu.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\"\"Nanotechnologie se vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed i v\u00a0b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 technice. Nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 10 let byl p\u0159edstaven multidotykov\u00fd displej, kter\u00fd si ji\u017e vydobyl statut pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9ho standardu. Jedn\u00edm ze z\u00e1kladn\u00edch po\u017eadavk\u016f na dotykovou obrazovku je dobr\u00e1 elektrick\u00e1 vodivost v\u00a0kombinaci s\u00a0vysokou m\u00edrou pr\u016fhlednosti. A pr\u00e1v\u011b pr\u016fhlednost je mo\u017en\u00e1 d\u00edky pou\u017eit\u00ed transparentn\u00ed vodiv\u00e9 f\u00f3lie (TCF). Zpo\u010d\u00e1tku se pro tento \u00fa\u010del pou\u017e\u00edval t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u00fdhradn\u011b oxid india a c\u00ednu (ITO). Ten bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1vat lept\u00e1n\u00edm nebo laserov\u00fdm oza\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00edm.<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed technologick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj s\u00a0sebou p\u0159inesl nov\u00e9 po\u017eadavky. K\u00a0jejich spln\u011bn\u00ed byly f\u00f3lie ITO kv\u016fli jejich n\u00edzk\u00e9 UV stabilit\u011b a nedostate\u010dn\u00e9 mechanick\u00e9 pru\u017enosti nahrazeny jin\u00fdmi technologiemi. Mezi n\u011b pat\u0159\u00ed kovov\u00e9 s\u00ed\u0165ky (v\u011bt\u0161inou m\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9), st\u0159\u00edbrn\u00e9 nanodr\u00e1tky (AgNW), PEDOT (vodiv\u00fd polymer) nebo sn\u00edma\u010de vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed m\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9 dr\u00e1tky. Ov\u0161em i tyto materi\u00e1ly maj\u00ed sv\u00e9 slab\u00e9 str\u00e1nky, proto byly vyvinuty pr\u016fhledn\u00e9 vodiv\u00e9 f\u00f3lie vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed hybridn\u00ed uhl\u00edkov\u00e9 nanotrubice. I tento materi\u00e1l je vysoce vodiv\u00fd a pr\u016fhledn\u00fd, je ale tak\u00e9 velmi snadno zpracovateln\u00fd, a tedy zna\u010dn\u011b flexibiln\u00ed a p\u0159izp\u016fsobiv\u00fd konkr\u00e9tn\u00edmu povrchu.<\/p>\n

Uhl\u00edkov\u00e9 nanotrubice jsou samostatn\u00e9 trubi\u010dky vyroben\u00e9 z karbonu. Jejich pr\u016fm\u011br obvykle \u010din\u00ed od 1 do 50 nanometr\u016f, jsou mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b stabiln\u00ed a velmi pevn\u00e9. V\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na konstrukci mohou b\u00fdt jednost\u011bnn\u00e9 nebo v\u00edcest\u011bnn\u00e9 trubi\u010dky bu\u010f izola\u010dn\u00ed, polovodiv\u00e9, nebo pln\u011b vodiv\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Pokud se nap\u0159\u00edklad uhl\u00edkov\u00e9 nanotrubice v\u00a0podob\u011b s\u00edtotiskov\u00e9 pasty zkombinuj\u00ed s\u00a0f\u00f3li\u00ed ze st\u0159\u00edbrn\u00fdch nanodr\u00e1tk\u016f, vznikne po\u017eadovan\u00e1 hybridn\u00ed f\u00f3lie CNT.<\/p>\n

Kombinace obou materi\u00e1l\u016f vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00fdhod jednotliv\u00fdch slo\u017eek a v\u00fdsledn\u00fd hybridn\u00ed materi\u00e1l je vodiv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a pr\u016fhledn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e oba materi\u00e1ly samostatn\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
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D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 fakta<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Uhl\u00edkov<\/strong>\u00e9 nanotrubice (CNT)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Uhl\u00edkov\u00e9 nanotrubice (CNT) jsou molekul\u00e1rn\u00ed nanotrubice vyroben\u00e9 z uhl\u00edku. Atomy uhl\u00edku zde nab\u00fdvaj\u00ed strukturu \u0161esti\u00faheln\u00edkov\u00e9 v\u010del\u00ed pl\u00e1stve. Pr\u016fm\u011br trubic se obvykle pohybuje v\u00a0rozp\u011bt\u00ed od 1 do 50 nm, vyrobeny u\u017e ov\u0161em byly i trubice o pr\u016fm\u011bru pouh\u00fdch 0,4 nm.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\"\"Nanotechnologie jsou \u010dasto spojov\u00e1ny s\u00a0high-tech, nap\u0159\u00edklad s\u00a0po\u010d\u00edta\u010di nebo vesm\u00edrn\u00fdmi lod\u011bmi. Z p\u0159\u00ednosu t\u011bchto mal\u00fdch pomocn\u00edk\u016f ale t\u011b\u017e\u00ed i potravin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd pr\u016fmysl.<\/p>\n

Milkshake, jeho\u017e chu\u0165 lze ovlivnit d\u00e9lkou prot\u0159ep\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. Tento n\u00e1pad by se u\u017e brzy mohl st\u00e1t skute\u010dnost\u00ed. Tzv. nanokapsle o velikosti od deseti do sta nanometr\u016f sest\u00e1vaj\u00ed p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b z\u00a0molekul tuku. Mohou obsahovat vitam\u00edny, p\u0159\u00edchut\u011b nebo barviva a p\u0159ipraveny tak, aby se rozpustily pouze p\u0159i p\u016fsoben\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00fdch podn\u011bt\u016f, nap\u0159. mechanick\u00e9 s\u00edly.<\/p>\n

Nanokontejnery jsou zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 zejm\u00e9na z\u00a0pohledu tzv. \u201efunk\u010dn\u00edch potravin\u201c, tj. v\u0161ech potravin um\u011ble obohacen\u00fdch o vitam\u00edny a \u017eiviny. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00a0Austr\u00e1lii byl uveden na trh chl\u00e9b pe\u010den\u00fd s\u00a0ryb\u00edm tukem \u2013 a omega-3 mastn\u00e9 kyseliny obsa\u017een\u00e9 v\u00a0ryb\u00edm tuku, kter\u00e9 sni\u017euj\u00ed hladinu cholesterolu, se rozkl\u00e1daj\u00ed a\u017e v \u017ealudku.<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00a0obohacov\u00e1n\u00ed ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00fdch v\u00fdrobk\u016f o v\u00e1pn\u00edk, kter\u00fd je nutn\u00fd k\u00a0zaji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed cel\u00e9 \u0159ady t\u011blesn\u00fdch funkc\u00ed. Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed obsahu v\u00e1pn\u00edku nad ur\u010ditou mez ov\u0161em vede ke vzniku hrudek v ml\u00e9ku. A pr\u00e1v\u011b zde by na\u0161ly uplatn\u011bn\u00ed nanokontejnery, tj. v\u00e1pn\u00edk by byl obsa\u017een v\u00a0proteinov\u00fdch kapsl\u00edch.<\/p>\n

Nano\u010d\u00e1stice v\u00a0potravin\u00e1ch ale u\u017e d\u00e1vnou nejsou novinkou. V\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch se vyskytuj\u00ed u\u017e cel\u00e1 l\u00e9ta, ani\u017e bychom jejich p\u0159\u00edtomnost zaznamenali.<\/p>\n

\u0160irok\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed maj\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice oxidu titani\u010dit\u00e9ho, najdeme je p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edsad\u00e1ch do pe\u010den\u00ed, ale i v\u00a0cukrovink\u00e1ch, \u017ev\u00fdka\u010dk\u00e1ch a \u010dokol\u00e1d\u00e1ch. Tato p\u0159\u00edsada dod\u00e1v\u00e1 potravin\u00e1m lesk a hladkost povrchu. Oxid k\u0159emi\u010dit\u00fd se obvykle pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jako p\u0159\u00edsada proti sp\u00e9k\u00e1n\u00ed a pro zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed sypkosti, zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0pr\u00e1\u0161kov\u00fdch potravin\u00e1ch v\u0161ech druh\u016f, jako jsou b\u011blidla do k\u00e1vy, pol\u00e9vky \u010di mlet\u00e9 ko\u0159en\u00ed. Ke\u010dup pak d\u00edky oxidu k\u0159emi\u010dit\u00e9mu l\u00e9pe vyt\u00e9k\u00e1 z l\u00e1hve.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
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Zapamatujte si<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Nano<\/strong>\u010d\u00e1stice v potravin\u00e1ch<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u010c\u00e1stice o velikosti nanometr\u016f mohou m\u011bnit vlastnosti potravin, nap\u0159\u00edklad zv\u00fd\u0161it jejich sypkost a tekutost.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Nano\u010d\u00e1stice vn\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 nov\u00e9 mo\u017enosti do oblasti lehk\u00fdch konstrukc\u00ed d\u00edky v\u00fdvoji velmi hou\u017eevnat\u00fdch, odoln\u00fdch a z\u00e1rove\u0148 mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b lehk\u00fdch kompozit\u016f.<\/p>\n

Kompozitn\u00ed materi\u00e1ly jsou v\u00fdsledkem kombinace materi\u00e1l\u016f r\u016fzn\u00fdch typ\u016f. V\u00a0r\u00e1mci tohoto procesu se vz\u00e1jemn\u011b kombinuj\u00ed kladn\u00e9 vlastnosti r\u016fzn\u00fdch slo\u017eek. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b CFRP (carbon fibre-reinforced plastic) se kombinuj\u00ed uhl\u00edkov\u00e1 vl\u00e1kna s\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdmi prysky\u0159icemi. Uhl\u00edkov\u00e1 vl\u00e1kna dod\u00e1vaj\u00ed materi\u00e1lu vysokou tuhost a pevnost. V\u00fdztu\u017en\u00e1 vl\u00e1kna pak zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed vysokou odolnost proti vibrac\u00edm, n\u00edzkou tepelnou rozta\u017enost a trvalou tepelnou odolnost i odolnost proti korozi. Ov\u0161em nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ednost\u00ed materi\u00e1lu je vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed pom\u011br mezi jeho pevnost\u00ed a hmotnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Obrovsk\u00fd p\u0159\u00ednos m\u00e1 tato vlastnost pro lehk\u00e9 komponenty, kter\u00e9 musej\u00ed vydr\u017eet velk\u00e9 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed. Uhl\u00edkov\u00e1 vl\u00e1kna umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed sn\u00ed\u017eit hmotnost nosn\u00fdch prvk\u016f vozidel a\u017e o 80 %.<\/p>\n

Sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed hmotnosti motorov\u00fdch vozidel je velmi v\u00fdznamn\u00e9, zejm\u00e9na z\u00a0hlediska ochrany \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed a klimatu. \u00daspora hmotnosti d\u00edky CFRP znamen\u00e1 tak\u00e9 podstatnou \u00fasporu paliva, s\u00a0n\u00ed\u017e jde ruku v\u00a0ruce i sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed emis\u00ed CO2<\/sub>.<\/p>\n

\u00daspora hmotnost nav\u00edc umo\u017e\u0148uje zmen\u0161it nap\u0159\u00edklad brzdy a motory p\u0159i zachov\u00e1n\u00ed stejn\u00fdch j\u00edzdn\u00edch vlastnost\u00ed a v\u00fdkon\u016f.<\/p>\n

Krom\u011b n\u00edzk\u00e9 hmotnosti se tento funk\u010dn\u00ed materi\u00e1l py\u0161n\u00ed tak\u00e9 vynikaj\u00edc\u00edmi mechanick\u00fdmi vlastnostmi. Konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm uhl\u00edkov\u00fdch vl\u00e1ken ve sm\u011bru p\u016fsoben\u00ed zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed lze v\u00fdrazn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161it pevnost p\u0159i sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu.<\/p>\n

Tyto high-tech materi\u00e1ly lze dnes nal\u00e9zt nejen v\u00a0automobilech \u010di letadlech, ale vyr\u00e1b\u011bj\u00ed se z\u00a0nich u\u017e tak\u00e9 j\u00edzdn\u00ed kola nebo badmintonov\u00e9 rakety.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
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D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 fakta<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Uhl\u00edkov\u00e1 vl\u00e1kna<\/strong><\/p>\n

D\u00edky vynikaj\u00edc\u00edmu pom\u011bru hmotnosti a pevnosti se uhl\u00edkov\u00e1 vl\u00e1kna \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v\u00a0lehk\u00fdch konstrukc\u00edch. Umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed dos\u00e1hnout a\u017e 80% \u00fasporu hmotnosti.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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